Agrarian Sociology Of Ancient Civilizations Pdf
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Systems theorists look at many types of relations between cities, including economic relations, cultural exchanges and political/diplomatic/military relations. These spheres often occur on different scales. For example, trade networks were, until the nineteenth century, much larger than either cultural spheres or political spheres. Extensive trade routes, including the Silk Road through Central Asia and Indian Ocean sea routes linking the Roman Empire, Persian Empire, India and China, were well established 2000 years ago when these civilizations scarcely shared any political, diplomatic, military, or cultural relations. The first evidence of such long-distance trade is in the ancient world. During the Uruk period, Guillermo Algaze has argued that trade relations connected Egypt, Mesopotamia, Iran and Afghanistan.[48] Resin found later in the Royal Cemetery at Ur is suggested was traded northwards from Mozambique.
This article outlines the importance of water throughout history. special attention is paid to the first urbanization of ancient civilizations, particularly in ancient Greece and Rome (Vuorinen 2007). However, the second, third and fourth phases of urbanization are also briefly described. Finally, the major findings and their implications for current water management and policies are discussed.
This article summarizes the general outline and the main results of the book, Environmental History of Water: Global View of Community Water Supply and Sanitation by Petri S. Juuti, Tapio S. Katko, and Heikki S. Vuorinen published by IWA Publishing. The focus of the book, Environmental History of Water, is on water, sanitation services and their evolution. Altogether, 34 authors were invited to put together 30 chapters for this multidisciplinary book. The book is divided into four chronological parts; from ancient cultures to the challenges of the 21st century, each part includes an introduction and conclusion written by the editors. The authors represent such disciplines as: the history of technology, the history of public health, public policy, development studies, sociology, engineering and management sciences.
HistoryHuman society earlier constituted of hunter-gatherers. While the reasons are unknown, humans started shifting from hunting-gathering to agriculture around 12000 years ago which also marked the end of the last ice age and the start of the Holocene epoch. This is known as the Neolithic Revolution. Agriculture is believed to have first begun in the Fertile Crescent which extends from Iraq to Egypt. Agriculture allowed people to settle down and form communities which gave rise to new social structures and forms of human societal organisation. The ancient Egyptian civilization, Indian civilization, Chinese civilization, and Mayan civilization were all agrarian. The Industrial Revolution has been the next greatest revolution after the Neolithic Revolution. Over the past two hundred years, many societies have turned into industrial societies and the percentage of world population engaged in agriculture consistently grows smaller as machines replace human effort.
The industrialisation has also had an impact on agrarian societies and many of their basic features have changed. They are no longer unified social units that are not impacted by the outside world. Farmers have become commercial farmers and sell their output to aid industrial societies. The social structures are not as rigid. In sociology, societies are seen to naturally progress from tribal to agrarian and from agrarian to industrial societies. As agricultural output increases, more people start engaging in trade and other activities. When more than 50% of the people are engaged in non-agricultural activities, it is considered an industrial society. All societies today are trying to reduce their dependence on agriculture and switch to industrialisation.
It is first necessary to distinguish between the public and private sectors of the economy. Throughout most of ancient Greek history before the Hellenistic period, a free enterprise economy with private property and limited government intervention predominated. This places Greece in sharp contrast to most other ancient civilizations, in which governmental or religious institutions tended to dominate the economy. The main economic concerns of the governments of the Greek city-states were to maintain harmony within the private economy (make laws, adjudicate disputes, and protect private property rights), make sure that food was available to their citizenries at reasonable prices, and obtain revenue from economic activities (through taxes) to pay for government expenses. 153554b96e
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