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animal physiology is the study of the function of whole organisms. animal physiology it is the physiological study of any vertebrate organism from solitary microorganisms to complex organisms such as mammals and birds. Although biochemical aspects of physiology are the origin of most of the topics covered in a physiology course, the molecular basis of physiologic responses is often difficult to ascertain in its totality. Molecular mechanisms may even have complex regulatory and feedback mechanisms that can obscure their direct effects that can be observed in the intact organism given appropriate experimental approaches. Hence, investigators in physiology usually focus on functions that are observable in the intact, healthy organism. From these functions the investigator tries to determine the underlying mechanisms. Animal physiology is thus the study of the structure and function of animal organs and systems. Because physiologic variables can be measured, it is the study of the dynamic equilibrium between the organisms demands and the system's ability to respond appropriately. The emphasis on physiology will be emphasized throughout, including homeostasis, energetics, transport processes, the sequence of complexity: cell-cell communication, and cell composition, and those topics that are not to be covered briefly, such as respiration, circulatory physiology, and meiosis. Physiology is the study of living creatures; the objects of investigation are the living creatures themselves, including animals, plants, and microorganisms. The areas covered by students are modern and advanced topics in physiology, including all areas of learning listed under the human physiology course in the undergraduate university curriculum. The course is based on the principles of molecular, cellular, and systems biology as can be deduced from the related course, physiology. The study of physiology encompasses the function of the whole, organ level. Physiology is the science of life that studies the functional properties of all organisms, including humans, and generally includes subjects such as cell biology, biochemistry, genetics, molecular biology, physiology, nutrition, pathogenesis and epidemiology. These courses touch on physiology from a number of different perspectives, for instance the chemical basis of physiological processes and natural history. An understanding of physiology is not, however, synonymous with clinical medicine. Understanding an organism, or pathology of an organism, might be classified as the science of organism-level organization. Some biologists consider it an important part of the understanding of organisms to study the underlying mechanisms of physiology. For instance, students must learn how the other parts of an organism come together to produce the results of the organism itself. d2c66b5586